System And Method For Displaying Text

ABSTRACT

A method for displaying text including the steps of providing a text, arranging the text into a plurality of word clusters, wherein at least one selected word cluster of the plurality of word clusters includes at least two lines of words and each line of words includes at least two words, and emphasizing at least one word in the selected word cluster.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application relates to a system and method for displaying text and,more particularly, a system and method for displaying text in a mannerconducive to comfortable and efficient reading.

BACKGROUND

In the English language, text typically is presented as a series ofsentences grouped into paragraphs, as shown in FIG. 1. The text may flowfrom left to right across the width of a page (or column) and thenvertically down the page (or column).

Researchers have recognized that the typical format for presenting text(i.e., the paragraph format) has several disadvantages and may violatethe natural tendencies of the human eye. See Andrews, R. B., ReadingPower Unlimited, Texas Outlook, 1949, 33, 20-21, the entire content ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference. Particularly, the paragraphformat does not fully take advantage of a reader's ability to read andcomprehend text. The paragraph format focuses on the horizontal span ofthe human eye and ignores the human eye's ability to scan in thevertical direction.

Accordingly, Andrews (1949) presented the concept of square span,wherein text is broken down and arranged into a series of small units ofwords. Each unit typically includes 2 lines of words, with each linehaving 2 to 3 words. Thus, the reader may comprehend each unit as awhole, rather than a sum of its parts.

Andrews (1949) theorized that the square span arrangement of text allowsfor quicker and more efficient reading. Each unit of square spanincludes a vertical component (i.e., the lines are arranged vertically)and a horizontal component (i.e., the words in a line extendhorizontally). Thus, the square span arrangement takes advantage of therelationship between the horizontal span and the vertical span of thehuman eye.

Various other techniques have been employed to facilitate faster andmore efficient reading. U.S. Pat. No. 4,643,450 to Morris, the entirecontent of which are incorporated herein by reference, discloses atextual display wherein the text is presented as a plurality of shortlines printed across a scan bar, wherein selected words are bolded orprinted in a different color. U.S. Pat. No. 5,802,533 to Walker, theentire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, disclosesthe concept of enhancing text by horizontally displacing consecutivelines of text.

Despite the attempts of the prior art, there remains a need for a systemand method for displaying text in a manner conducive to comfortable andefficient reading.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, the system and method provides a method for displayingtext including the steps of providing a text, arranging the text into aplurality of word clusters, wherein at least one selected word clusterof the plurality of word clusters includes at least two lines of wordsand each line of words includes at least two words, and emphasizing atleast one word in the selected word cluster.

In another aspect, the system and method provides a method fordisplaying text including the steps of providing a text having aplurality of words, arranging the words into a plurality of wordclusters, wherein at least two selected word clusters each include atleast two lines of words and each line of words includes at least twowords, and altering the typeface, the font and/or the color of at leastone word in each of the selected word clusters with respect to the otherwords in the selected word clusters.

In another aspect, the system and method provides a textual displayincluding a display medium and a text displayed on the display medium asa plurality of word clusters, wherein at least two selected wordclusters each includes at least two lines of words and each line ofwords includes at least two words, wherein at least one word in each ofthe selected word clusters is emphasized.

In another aspect, the system and method provides a method fordisplaying text including the steps of providing a text, arranging thetext into a plurality of word clusters, wherein at least one selectedword cluster includes at least one spoken word and at least onenon-spoken word, and altering the typeface, the font and/or the color ofthe spoken word with respect to the non-spoken word.

Other aspects of the system and method will become apparent from thefollowing description, the accompanying drawings and the appendedclaims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a sample of text displayed in the paragraph format of theprior art;

FIG. 2 is the sample of text of FIG. 1 displayed according to a firstaspect of the system and method;

FIG. 3A is a selected word of the text of FIG. 2 having a firstappearance;

FIG. 3B is the selected word of FIG. 3A having a second appearance;

FIG. 3C is the selected word of FIG. 3A having a third appearance;

FIG. 3D is the selected word of FIG. 3A having a fourth appearance;

FIG. 3E is the selected word of FIG. 3A having a fifth appearance;

FIG. 3F is the selected word of FIG. 3A having a sixth appearance;

FIG. 3G is the selected word of FIG. 3A having a seventh appearance;

FIG. 3H is the selected word of FIG. 3A having a eighth appearance;

FIG. 3I is the selected word of FIG. 3A having a ninth appearance;

FIG. 3J is the selected word of FIG. 3A having a tenth appearance; and

FIG. 4 is a sample of text displayed according to a second aspect of thesystem and method.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As shown in FIG. 2, a text, such at the paragraph format text of FIG. 1,may be arranged as an array 10 of word clusters 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22,24 on a display medium. The display medium may be any medium capable ofdisplaying text, such as one or more sheets of paper, a book, a poster,a package or wrapping, an electronic display, a graphical user interfaceor the like. The array 10 may be presented on a single page or on aplurality of pages. For example, a book may be presented as an array 10of word clusters 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 printed on a plurality ofsheets of paper.

The array 10 may include one or more lines of word clusters 12, 14, 16,18, 20, 22, 24 and/or one or more columns of word clusters.Alternatively, the array 10 of word clusters 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24may be arranged in a pattern other than lines and/or columns. Forexample, the word clusters 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 may be randomlyarranged on one or more pages of the display medium.

The word clusters 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 of the array 10 may bearranged vertically across a page, wherein a consecutive word cluster ispositioned below a preceding cluster, as shown in FIG. 2. Alternatively,the word clusters 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 of the array 10 may bearranged horizontally across a page, wherein a consecutive word clusteris positioned to the right (or left) of a preceding cluster. It shouldbe understood that, once the end of a page is reached, the next wordcluster may begin a new line or column.

Each word cluster 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 may include a plurality ofwords. In one aspect, a word cluster may include a minimum of two wordsand a maximum of fifty words. In another aspect, a word cluster mayinclude a minimum of one word and a maximum of ten words.

Each word cluster 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 may include one or morelines. In one aspect, a word cluster may include a minimum of one lineand a maximum of ten lines. In another aspect, a word cluster mayinclude a minimum of one line and a maximum of six lines. In anotheraspect, a word cluster may include a minimum of two lines and maximum offour lines.

Each line of words in a word cluster 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 mayinclude one or more words. In one aspect, a line may include a minimumof one word and a maximum of ten words. In another aspect, a line mayinclude a minimum of one word and a maximum of six words. In anotheraspect, a line may include a minimum of two words and maximum of fourwords.

The maximum and minimum number of words, lines of words and/or words perline may be selected by the author, editor or the like or,alternatively, may be preprogrammed into a processing device adapted toarrange a text into word clusters.

In one aspect, the size of a word cluster (i.e., the maximum and minimumnumber of words, lines of words and/or words per line) may be dictatedby the horizontal and vertical apprehension span of the reader. Inanother aspect, the size of a word cluster may be dictated by thecomplexity of the words within the word cluster. For example, a wordcluster may be sized such that it is capable of being comprehended aswhole by a reader of average skill.

Referring to FIG. 2, word cluster 12 includes nine words arranged intothree lines of words, wherein the first line of words includes fivewords, the second line of words includes three words and the third lineof words includes one word.

Each word cluster 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 within the array 10 may beseparated from adjacent word clusters by a space or margin 26. A space26 may be provided to the left, right, top and/or bottom of a wordcluster. The space 26 may include no text. In one aspect, the space 26may be larger (e.g., about 1.5 to about 4 times larger) than the spacebetween each word of the word cluster and/or the space between each lineof the word cluster.

In one aspect, a word cluster 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 may be anindividual thought group separated from the full text. A thought groupmay include a single word (e.g., an interjection, the word “boom” and/orother onomatopoeic words or the like) or a plurality of words linked bya commonality and constrained by an estimate of the apprehension span ofa typical reader or by the limits for line length and number of linesper word cluster set by the user of the system and method.

Elements of commonality within a thought group may be one or more of thefollowing: names (e.g., proper and/or common), nouns or verbs which relyon modifiers for understanding and their modifiers (e.g., noun clausesand phrases, phrasal verbs (preposition plus verb), infinitives (“to”plus verb stem) and/or prepositional phrases), phrases, dependentclauses and independent clauses.

Elements of text that may determine the end of a thought group may beone or more of the following: periods, question marks, exclamationpoints, commas, colons, semi-colons and other sentence terminatingelements.

Accordingly, a text, such as the text presented in FIG. 1, may be brokendown into an array 10 of word clusters 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 byidentifying thought groups within the text. Referring to FIG. 1 forexample, the first thought group may be identified by punctuation, suchas the first comma of FIG. 1. Thus, the language “As part of theresponse to the embassy bombings,” may be considered a thought group andarranged into a first word cluster 12, as shown in FIG. 2. For example,the word cluster 12 may be broken down into three lines, the first linebeing “As part of the response,” the second line being “to the embassy”and the third line being “bombings.”

Various other arrangements of the word cluster 12 are within the scopeof the present system and method. For example, the first word cluster 12may be arranged to include four lines, wherein the first line is “aspart of,” the second line is “the response,” the third line is “to theembassy” and the fourth line is “bombings.”

Thus, a text may be broken down into a plurality of thought groups,wherein each thought group may correspond to a single word cluster. Asdiscussed above, thought groups may be identified using phraseboundaries, punctuation and word types. In another aspect, an author maychoose his or her own thought groups. In another aspect, an automatedprogram may be used to identify though groups within a text by applyingvarious linguistic criteria, such as the criteria discussed above.

Once a text has been broken down into an array 10 of word clusters 12,14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, selected words within a word cluster may beemphasized by altering the typeface, changing the font and/or changingthe color of the selected words with respect to the other words of theword cluster. As shown in FIG. 2, the words “embassy” and “bombings”have been emphasized by bolding the selected words.

Selected words may be emphasized in various ways. The words in the wordcluster 12 may be presented in a Times New Roman typeface with a 14point font, as shown in FIG. 3A. The word “embassy” may then beemphasized by altering the typeface of the word “embassy” with respectto the other word in the word cluster. For example, the word “embassy”may be bolded, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3B, italicized, as shown in FIG.3C or underlined, as shown in FIG. 3D. In another aspect, the word“embassy” may be presented in a different typeface, such as, forexample, Arial, as shown in FIG. 3E, Century Gothic, as shown in FIG.3F, Charlesworth, as shown in FIG. 3G, or Batang, as shown in FIG. 3H.In another aspect, the word “embassy” may be presented in a differentfont size, such as, for example, 18 point font, as shown in FIG. 3I, or22 point font, as shown in FIG. 3J. In another aspect, selected wordsmay be emphasized by changing the color of the word (e.g., from black tored).

In another aspect, one or more words of a word cluster may bede-emphasized. For example, a word may be de-emphasized by using anarrower or lighter typeface, a lighter color, a smaller font or thelike. For example, a word may be de-emphasized by presenting thede-emphasized word in a Century Gothic typeface, shown in FIG. 3F, whilethe other words in the word cluster are presented in an Arial typeface,as shown in FIG. 3E.

Accordingly, by emphasizing one or more words within a word cluster 12,14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, the reader's eyes are guided to the significantwords within the word cluster.

In one aspect, content words (i.e., substantive words) within a wordcluster may be emphasized and function words may be de-emphasized.Function words may be grammatical words that can be distinguished fromcontent words such as nouns, verbs and adjectives. In one aspect,function words may be pronouns, auxiliaries, determiners, prepositionsand other items that do not fall within any single syntactic category.In another aspect, function words may be all words that do not normallytake stress.

In another aspect, an author or a speaker may identify words that shouldbe emphasized based on the intent of the author and/or emphasis orde-emphasis placed on words when a particular speaker speaks thosewords.

Accordingly, once a text is broken down into an array of word clusters,the content words within each word cluster may be emphasized and,alternatively, one or more function words may be de-emphasized, therebycontrolling the reader's eye movements such that the reader spends lesseffort focusing on specific words within the text.

In another aspect of the system and method, a text, generally designated30, may be arranged into word clusters 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, as shown inFIG. 4 and described above, and the content words in each word clustermay be emphasized, as discussed above. Each word cluster 32, 34, 36, 38,40 may include a last line 42 and at least one non-last line 44. Wordclusters consisting of only one line may be considered to have one lastline 42 and no non-last lines 44. In one aspect, the words in thenon-last lines 44 may be present in a typeface having a reduced serif,while the words in the last line may be presented with a typeface havinga full serif. In another aspect, the words in the non-last lines 44 maybe present in a typeface having a normal serif, while the words in thelast line may presented with a typeface having an oversized serif.

For example, referring to word cluster 32 of FIG. 4, the word “evening”is in the last line 42 and the words “On an” are in the first non-lastline 44. The letter “n” in the word “evening” has a larger serif thanthe letter “n” in the words “On an.”

Without being limited to any particular theory, it is believed that areduced serif in non-last lines 44 allows a reader's eyes to easily scanthe contents of the word cluster, while a full (or larger) serif in thelast line 42 allows a reader's eyes to identify the end of the wordcluster.

Although the system and method for displaying text has been shown anddescribed with respect to certain aspects, it should be understood thatmodifications may occur to those skilled in the art upon reading thespecification. The system and method for displaying text includes allsuch modifications and is limited only by the scope of the claims.

What is claimed is:
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 22. A method fordisplaying text comprising the steps of: providing a text, said texthaving a plurality of paragraphs each having a plurality of sentencescomprised of a plurality of words; arranging said text into a pluralityof separated and centered word clusters with each word cluster having aplurality of lines and each line having a plurality of words, theplurality of separated and centered word clusters having (a) adjacentlines of each word cluster vertically spaced apart by a cluster linespacing that is substantially the same, (b) each pair of consecutivecentered word clusters vertically aligned and spaced apart by a clusterspacing that is greater than the line spacing, and (c) each word of eachone of the word clusters presented in a typeface having a serif with atleast one word in the last line of at least one word cluster having aserif larger in size than a remainder of the words of said at least oneword cluster; and displaying said plurality of word clusters on anelectronic display medium.
 23. The method of claim 22, furthercomprising the step of identifying at least one content word in at leastone word cluster and emphasizing the at least one content word byaltering a typeface, changing a font, changing a font size, or changinga color of the at least one content word.
 24. The method of claim 23,further comprising the step of identifying at least one function word inthe at least one word cluster and deemphasizing the at least onefunction word by lightening, narrowing, or decreasing a size of at leastone of a typeface or a font of the at least one function word.
 25. Themethod of claim 22, wherein the electronic display medium is configuredto display a page at a time.
 26. The method of claim 22, wherein a sizedof the word clusters is determined based on a reading level complexityof the provided text.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the readinglevel complexity is based on a complexity of words.
 28. The method ofclaim 22, wherein a size of the word clusters is determined based on areader of average skill.
 29. The method of claim 22, wherein a size ofthe word clusters is determined based on the word cluster beingcomprehended by a reader of average skill.
 30. The method of claim 29,wherein a size of the word clusters is constrained by one of an estimateof reader apprehension span and a predetermined word cluster line lengthand word cluster line number limit.
 31. The method of claim 22, whereina plurality of thought groups are identified in the provided text witheach thought group comprising a corresponding one of the plurality ofword clusters and each thought group comprised of a plurality of wordslinked by a commonality.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein thecommonality linking the plurality of words comprising one of the wordclusters comprises a name, a noun or verb which relies on a modifier forunderstanding, or a phrase, and wherein the end of the thought group ofthe one of the word clusters is defined by a comma, a colon, or asemicolon.
 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the commonality linkingthe plurality of words comprising one of the word clusters comprises aname, a noun or verb which relies on a modifier for understanding, or aphrase, and wherein the end of the thought group of the one of the wordclusters is defined by a period, question mark or exclamation point. 34.The method of claim 22, wherein all of said words located in the lastline of said at least one word cluster have a serif larger than theremainder of said words of said at least one word cluster.
 35. A methodfor displaying text comprising the steps of: providing a text comprisedof a plurality of paragraphs each having a plurality of sentences witheach sentence having a plurality of words; arranging the provided textinto a plurality of vertically centered and vertically aligned wordclusters having a vertical cluster spacing between consecutive wordclusters, each word cluster having a plurality of horizontally extendinglines having a vertical line spacing between consecutive lines smallerthan the vertical cluster spacing with each line having one or morewords, and wherein at least one word in the last line of at least oneword cluster has a serif larger than a remainder of the words of the atleast one word cluster; and displaying the plurality of word clusters onan electronic display medium.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein eachword cluster is formed of a thought group defined by a plurality ofwords linked by a commonality and constrained by an estimate of readerapprehension span.
 38. The method of claim 36, wherein the commonalitylinking the plurality of words comprising one of the word clusterscomprises a name, a noun or verb which relies on a modifier forunderstanding, or a phrase, and wherein the end of the thought group ofthe one of the word clusters is defined by a comma, a colon, or asemicolon.
 39. The method of claim 36, wherein the commonality linkingthe plurality of words comprising one of the word clusters comprises aname, a noun or verb which relies on a modifier for understanding, or aphrase, and wherein the end of the thought group of the one of the wordclusters is defined by a period, question mark or exclamation point. 40.The method of claim 35, the further step of determining a size of theplurality of word clusters based on a reading level complexity andduring the arranging step, arranging the provided text into theplurality of word clusters based on the determined word cluster size.41. The method of claim 35, wherein all of said words in the last lineof the at least one word cluster have the larger serif.
 42. A method fordisplaying text comprising the steps of: providing a text comprised of aplurality of paragraphs each having a plurality of sentences with eachsentence having a plurality of words; arranging the provided text into aplurality of vertically centered and vertically aligned word clustershaving a vertical cluster spacing between consecutive word clusters,each word cluster having a plurality of horizontally extending lineshaving a vertical line spacing between consecutive lines smaller thanthe vertical cluster spacing between consecutive word clusters with eachline having a plurality of words, and each word of each one of the wordclusters is presented in a typeface having a serif with at least one ofthe words in the last line of at least one of the word clusters having aserif larger than a remainder of the words of the at least one wordcluster; and displaying the plurality of word clusters on an electronicdisplay medium.